Probiotic supplements can improve the production yield in shrimp aquaculture by adjusting and strengthening the microbiota in the gut. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.įor sustainable shrimp aquaculture, the most useful and safe method consists of adjusting the diet of shrimp by feeding with probiotic-supplemented food. The authors would like to express sincere thanks to TWAS and KLEPT for funding the study. Thang Dinh Nguyen is not an author of the present study.
Thang Dinh Nguyen is the PI for KLEPT.18.01 and A.T.V. Nguyen under project number 16-549 RG/BIO/AS_G - FR3240293311, and a grant from Vietnam National University_Hanoi, Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology (KLEPT) to Dr. įunding: This study was funded by a grant from Third World Academy of Science (TWAS) to A.T.V. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The data used in this study may be freely accessed via the VNU University of Science, Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology (KLEPT) website. Received: SeptemAccepted: DecemPublished: December 21, 2018Ĭopyright: © 2018 Nguyen et al. PLoS ONE 13(12):Įditor: Adam Driks, Loyola University Chicago, UNITED STATES (2018) Fate of carotenoid-producing Bacillus aquimaris SH6 colour spores in shrimp gut and their dose-dependent probiotic activities. Our results confirm that SH6 spores colonize and germinate in the gut to improve the microbial diversity and boost the immune system of shrimp, exhibiting beneficial effects at >1 × 10 6 CFU/g pellet.Ĭitation: Nguyen HT, Nguyen TT, Pham HTT, Nguyen QTN, Tran MT, Nguyen AH, et al. SH6 spore germination was detected by measuring the mRNA expression of a specific sequence coding for SH6 amylase at 4 h, reaching saturation at 24 h. Gut microbiota became more diversified, resulting in a 2-8-fold increase in total bacterial live-counts compared to the controls. The live-counts of SH6 in the gut gradually increased during the 28-day feeding period with SH6 spores at different concentrations, starting from 4.1, 8.2, and 5.4 × 10 4 CFU/g gut at day 1 and reaching 5.3, 5.1, and 4.4 × 10 5 CFU/g gut in the SH6-H/M/L groups, respectively, at day 28. Feeding with medium and high doses of SH6 spores after 28 days resulted in respective 1.3-2-fold increases in phenol oxidase activity and 8–9 fold increases in Rho mRNA expression compared to the control and low dose group. The astaxanthin levels (1.9–2.0 μg/g shrimp) and red-colour scores (21–22) in SH6 spore-H/M were higher than the control (astaxanthin: 1.2 μg/g shrimp red score: 20) or SH6 spore-L, but lower than the Carophyll and SH6 carotenoids. The growth rate was highest in SH6 spore-H (3.38%/day), followed by SH6 spore-M (2.84%/day) and SH6 spore-L (2.25%/day), which was significantly higher than the control (1.45%/day), Carophyll (1.53%/day) or SH6 carotenoid (1.57%/day) groups. Shrimp were divided into six groups administrated with either feed only (negative control) or SH6 spores at 5 × 10 6 CFU/g pellet (high dose, SH6 spore-H group), 1 × 10 6 CFU/g pellet (medium dose, SH6 spore-M group), 2 × 10 5 CFU/g pellet (low dose, SH6 spore-L group), astaxanthin at 0.5 mg/g pellet (Carophyll group), or carotenoids from SH6 vegetative cells at 5 μg/g pellet (SH6 carotenoid group). We investigated the fate of SH6 spores in the gut of L.
However, the optimal dose and mechanisms behind these effects are not well understood. Bacillus aquimaris SH6 spores produce carotenoids that are beneficial to white-leg shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei) health.
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